A
BRIEF HISTORY OF ODISHA
Introduction
Odisha is one of the most religious and an ideal state of
the India. The majority of the people in this state are Hindu and there is also
a rich cultural heritage in the state. In this paper we are looking at a
brief history of the Odisha. It contains the name, historical background,
social, political, cultural, educational, religion and economical context of
the Odisha. This will be helping us to understand the state Odisha in a better
way.
1.1
The Name Odisha
Odisha also known as Orissa is Indian state on the sub
Continent’s east cost by the Bay of Bengal. It is surrounded by the Indian
state of West Bengal to the North East and in the East Jharkhand to the North
Chhattisgarh to the West and North West, and the Andrapradesh to the South. The
state is known for its unintended coastline which is 480Km long.[1]
On 4th Nov 2011, the English rendering of the
name Orissa was officially changed to Odisha. The changed required minor
amendment to the Orissa bill and the constitution (113th). Amendment
bill which was approved by both House of Parliament, the Oriya language is
officially rendered Odia in English.[2]
The word Oriya is an anglicized version of Odia which itself is a modern name forodra or udra tribe that inhabited in the central belt of Odisha. Odisha has
also been the home of Kalinga and Utkal tribes played a prominent role in the
history of Odish and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalinga appear
in the writing of Vedic chronicles. This name Odisha is derived from the Pali
or Sanskrit words Ora (ura) or Odradesa or Sumera or Odra
visaya, the earliest epigraphic reference to odrasis found in the soro
copper plate from which it is clear that uttara to Sali
with its Visayasarephara in identified with soro of Balasore district was past
of odraVisaya. Both Pali and Sanskrit
literature mention of the Odra people
as oddakaandodrah respectively.[3]
In the Tantric Literature of the medieval period, the
word Odisha has been frequently used and in Tantrasara and Jagannath has been
reffered to as Odishanatha. Poet Sarala Das mentioned both the words odrarastra and Odisha in his famous
treatise Mohabharata while Gajapati, Kapileswar
Dev, (1435-1467) in his proclamation inscribed on the temple wall of Jagannath
calls his territory as Odisha Rajya
or Odisha rastra. Thus from the 15th
century AD onward, the land of Oriya people called Odisha.[4]
1.2 Historical
Background
The aboriginal tribes the buiyas and Gonds,
originally inhabited Odisha. They confined themselves to the forest and hills
when the Dravidian race settled here,[5]
(Odisha was known as Kalinga in the early period). Since prehistoric days, the
land of Odisha has been inhabited by various people. Although prehistoric
communities cannot be identified, it is well known that Odisha had been in
habited by tribes like Sauraor Sabar from the Mahabharata days.[6]
Odisha has a history of a period over 5,000 years. The
name Oriya is originated from Odra or
Udra tribes that in habited the
central coastal belt of modern Odisha. In the 6th century BC Vedic Strakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic
fold, indicating that Brahamenical influences had to yet touch the land. Unlike
some other parts of India, tribal custom and traditions played a significant
role in shaping the political structures and culture of Odisha.[7]
A major turning point in the world history took place in Odisha. King Asoka’s military
campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest battles in Mauryan history on
account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalinga to the mighty
armies of the expanding Maurya empire. Odisha was conquered but the conquest
changed the heart of the conqueror”.[8]
In the 3rd century B.C, the eastern part of
Odisha flourished as a powerful empire under the Jain emperor Kharavela. He
ruled all the way down to south include the part of the Tamil country. He built
the supred monastic caves at Udaygiri and Khandagiri caves.[9]
It was also was the part of Harsha empire. In 7015 CE the king Jojati Kessari-1
of Kessari or soma dynasty of Kosola
United Kosola and Utkal in to a single empire. He is also supposed to have
built the first Jagannath temple at Puri, although the current structure of the
temple is entirely different and was built by kings ChodaGangadeva and
Anangabhimadeva of the eastern Ganga dynasty in the 12th century.
King Narasimah Dev is reputed to have built the magnificent Konark Sun temple.[10]Odisha
resisted several muslim attacks until 1568, when it was conquered by Sultanate
of Bengal. The mugal conquered coastal Odisha in 1576.[11] The last hindu emperor of
OdishaGajapatiMukundaDeva was defeated and was killed in the battle of
Gohiratikiri. The coastal plain of Odisha from Medinipur to Rajamundry came
under mugal rule[12].
The Mugal ruled Odisha for a little over century. However,
a revolt was started under the leadership of Rajkrishna Chandra Bhanja of Mayurbhanj,
but but it was suppressed through with the great difficulty, and in 1741 the
Bhansala Raja of Nagpur invaded Odisha under the leadership of Bhaskar Ram.
Alivardi Khan the nawab of Bengal was compelled to code Odisha to the Morathas
whose rule lasted until the British conquered in 1803. Within two decades of
Vescoda-gama’s discovery of the sea rout to India, the portuguege had
established a flourishing trade mark at Pipli at the north of suvarnarekha. The English had established
trade settlement at Hariharpur and Balasore by 1633. In subsequent years, the
Dutch, the Danes and the France appeared at Balasore and established their
respective foot holds. In 1757 when the battle of plassy was fought and won the
legal title of nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha passed in to English. In 1765,
Shah Alma granted the East India Company the Dewani of Bengal, Bihar and
Odisha. But the Odisha was only a small territory to the north of the
suvarnarekha.[13]Lord
Wellesley (1798-1805) asked the Bonsala raja of Nagpur to enter in to a
“Subsidiary alliance” but the Raja refused the Anglo-moratha was resulted in
the British conquest of Odisha in 1803. In 1803, the British under the British
East Indian Company annexed the Maratha prince of Odisha after the second
Anglo-moratha war. The northern and western districts of Odisha were in
corporate in to Bengal presidenasy. Following famine and floods in 1866, large
scale irrigation projects were undertaken in the last half of the 19th
century.[14]
The social reforms of Odisha like Fakir Mohan Senapati, Bhagaban Chandra Das,
shaped the destiny of Odisha in various significant ways. During the First
World War a fearful moment was organized and led by Pandit Gopabandhu Das. As a result, the coastal section was
separated from Bengal and made in to Bihar and Odisha province in 1912, in
response to local agitation for a separate state for the Oriya speaking
people. In 1936, Bihar and Odisha were
split into separate provinces. Thus after a long period of struggle the Oriya
people got re-united after centuries of political separation.[15]
On 1 April 1936, the new province of Odisha came in to
existence on linguistic basics during the British rule in India with Sir John
Austin Hub back as the first governor. A long cherished dream of Oriya people
and their leaders like, Madhusudan Das, Maharaja
Krushna Chandra Gajapati, PanditNilakantha Das, Bhubamanda Das and many
other came true. The district of Ganjam was transferred from Madras presidency
to the new province of Odisha on 1st April 1936. From that time
onwards people of Odisha celebrate the 1st April as Utkal divas or
Odisha day. After the attainment of Independence, the princely state majored
with the major unit in 1948 and the new state of Odisha was formed. Following
Indian independence, the area of Odisha was almost doubled, and the population
increased by a third by the addition of 24 former princely states. In 1950
Odisha became a constituent state in the union of India.[16]
1.3 The Districts of Odisha
The total number of districts in Odisha is thirty (30)
and each districts is governed by a district collector or district magistrate,
appointed by the Indian administrative service, So he is the all in charge of
the administration in that particular district. He has to perform triple
function, as he holds three positions that of the deputy responsibilities as
the DM, he is responsible for maintaining the law in order situation in the
district, as a collector he is the chief reverence officer of the district.
District is under the control of superintendent of police (S.P). To
decentralize the authority in administrative setup each district is sub-divided
in to sub-division, governed by a sub-divisional administrate, and thereafter
into block. Block consists of Panchayats
(village council) and town municipalities.[17]
The capital and largest city of the state is Bhubaneswar.
The other major cities are Cuttack, Berhampur, Puri, Rourkela, and Sambalpur
and etc. The following are the lists of the 30 districts,
1.3.1 List of Districts of Orissa
Angul (Anugul), Baleswar (Balasore), Bargarh (Baragarh),
Bhadrak, Balangir, Boudh, (Bauda), Cuttack, Debagarh (Deogarh), Dhenkanal, Gajapati,
Ganjam, Jagatsinghpur, Jajapur (Jajpur), Jharsuguda,Kalahandi,Kandhamal,
Kendrapara, Kendujhar (Keonjhar),Khordha, Koraput,Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj,
Nabarangpur, Nayagarh, Nuapada, Puri, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur
(Sonepur), Sundargarh (Sundergarh).[18]
1.4 Social Context
The first sign of decline in Oriya society came as the
administrator of the Ganga and Surya kings began to usurp undue privilege and
acquire a greater number of hereditary rights. At the same time religious
affaire began to be dominated by the Puri Brahmins who were instrumental in
promoting ever increasing ritual and unprecedented ceremonial pomp during
religious festival. Tribal deities were slowly edged out as Brahminical gods
acquired supremacy. Social mobility declined and the first concrete appearances
of a formalized caste system began to appear. The Pattanaiks, Mohapatras, Nayakas and others who had played a major
role in the royal administration, along with the Brahmins comprised a upper
caste elite as social stratification crystallized. The stilling of Odisha major
rivers in the 16th century led to a severe decline in maritime trade
and may have further aggravated socially regressive trends.[19]
The general standard of health is low, common diseases,
being cholera, smallpox and malaria. Through about 60 primary health centers,
the government provides free institutional and domiciliary health service to
rural people and school children. A contributory social insurance plan protect
more than 18,000 factories workers, against the sickness (including free
medical care), maternity and employment injury. Besides various welfare plans for
tribal and backward people the government runs multi-purpose welfare centers
providing educational and recreational facilities to industrial workers and
their children. Welfare plans undertaken by the state social welfare board,
include states homes, and districts. Shelter for discharged convicts and
destitute women, welfare institution for widows, orphans and neglected children
in vocation homes with free board and lodging and free train fare to poor
children.[20]
1.5 Political Context
The political history of Odisha opens with the rule of
Nanda emperor of Magadha. Its history
dates back to pre-independence era. The leaders of Odisha had taken active
participation in the freedom struggle of India. The eminent political leaders
like Utkala Gourab Madhusudan Das, Harekrushna Mahatab,
GopabandhuChaudhury, Nabakrushna Chaudhury,
and others promoted the congress
movement in Odisha. They demanded for separate provincial status to the state
and the demands was fulfilled in 1936.[21]
Odisha is governed through a parliamentary system of
representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other India states.
There are two branches of government, the legislature, the Odisha legislative
assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the
speaker and deputy speaker that are elected by the members. The judiciary is
composed of the Odisha high court located at Cuttack and system of lower
courts. Executive authority is vested in the council of ministers headed by
Chief Minister, although the titular head of the government is the governor of
Odisha. The governor is the head of the state appointed by the president of
India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the legislative
assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor and the council of
ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister.
The council of the minister reports to the legislative assembly. The assembly
is unicameral with 147 members of the legislative assembly or MLAs, including one
nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for 5 years,
unless the assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary
authorities are known as panchayats,
for which local body election regularly held, govern local affairs. The state
contributes 21 seats to Loksobha and
10 seats to Rajyasobha of the Indian
parliament.[22]
The main players in the politic in Odisha are the Biju Janata Dal, the Indian National Congress, and BharatiyaJanata
Party. Following the Odisha state assembly election in 2009, the Naveen
Pattanaik led Biju Janata Dal came to
power for the third constructive time.[23]
1.6 Cultural Context
The state has a very opulent cultural heritage, one of the richest in
India, and the capital city of Bhubaneswar is known for the exquisite temples
that to its landscape.
The famous classical
dance form, Odissi is originated in Orissa. Contemporary Orissa has a proud
cultural heritage that arose due to the intermingling of three great religious
traditions - Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The culture of the Adivasis (the original inhabitants of
India) is an integral part of modern Odisha. The popular cultural festival from
Orissa includes the well-known annual Rath
Yatra or Chariot Festival of Lord Jagannatha
in Puri.
According to culture village women give birth by squatting, with
a piece of cloth tied tightly around the abdomen. They grip a wooden pole to
cope with labor pains. Male babies are greeted with special joy. After seven
days, rites of purification are observed. The name-giving ceremony is held on
the twenty-first day.[24]
Children are the center of family life. They are spoiled and fussed over, but
later they begin to share household tasks. Girls are usually segregated for
seven days when they first menstruate. In some communities, they rub turmeric
paste on their bodies and bathe before resuming their domestic and social activities.[25] The dead are cremated, although the children
and unmarried persons are usually buried. The corpse is anointed with turmeric,
washed, and wrapped in a shroud. It is carried to the cremation ground by
relatives, and placed on the funeral pyre with the head toward the north. Some
groups place women facing up a facing down. Relatives shave their own heads and
do new clothes, and on the eleventh day they hold a feast.
Caste (social class) plays an important role in daily
relationships. People often greet newcomers by asking which caste they belong
to. Oriya mostly lives in villages. Their villages usually have houses built
along the sides of a single street and a small hamlet outside the central area
where lower caste families live. Houses
are usually rectangular and have mud walls and a gabled roof thatched with
straw. Sometimes, richer families have a double roof, a small guest house, and
a fence. Rooms in a typical Oriya home are used as cattle sheds, grain storage
areas, bedrooms, and kitchens.[26] Oriya prefers to marry within their caste or
sub caste, and outside their clan. An Oriya proverb states that "marital
relatives from distant places are beautiful, as distant hills are enchanting
and so people often seek a marital partner from outside their village.
Marriages are arranged. The daughter-in-law usually lives with her husband's
family. Divorce is uncommon. Men wear a dhoti (long piece of white cotton
wrapped around the waist and drawn between the legs and tucked into the waist)
and a chaddar (shawl draped over the shoulders).
Women wear the sari (a length of fabric wrapped around
the waist, with one end thrown over the right shoulder) and choli (tight-fitting, cropped blouse).[27]
Oriya generally eats rice at every meal. At breakfast,
cold rice, puffed rice (mudhi), or various types of rice cake (pitha) are eaten with molasses or salt,
and tea. Thin rice pancakes are a specialty of Orissa. A typical meal consists of rice, dal (lentils), and vegetable curry
using eggplant, spinach, and seasonal vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbages,
or peas. Fish or goat meat may also be served. Food is cooked in mustard oil,
except for offerings to the gods. Those offerings are prepared in clarified
butter (ghee). A particular favorite in villages is a
rice dish called pakhalabata. Rice is boiled in bulk, and
whatever is not eaten is stored in cold water.
When this rice becomes a little sour, it is served cold with fresh green
chilies. Chronicles of Jagannath Temple at Puri date from the twelfth century AD. Medieval bhakti (devotional) poets have left Oriya
literature with a rich tradition. Orissa also is famous for its dance, music,
and architecture. Odissi, for instance, is a classical dance that originated as
a temple dance for the gods. The Chhau dance, performed by masked male dancers
in honor of Shiva, is another feature of Oriya culture. Cuttack is a major
center for dance and music.[28]
Oriya culture also includes vivid dances and songs, folk
opera jatra, puppet plays,
and shadow plays (where the shadows of the characters are projected on a screen
using puppets). Odissi
is the major classical dance and is believed to be one of the oldest classical
dance forms of India. This dance extensively uses poetry of Jayadeva, who
wrote on the life of Lord Krishna. Odissi classical dance is about the
divine love of Krishna and his consort, Radha. Orissa has a varied heritage as
far as folk dances and folk theatre. An interesting example is Chhau, a form that combines effectively
the elements of tribal, folk and classical
dances. In many ways, the Chhau is
more a non-verbal theatre. Orissa also has a very rich and fascinating theatre tradition,
notably the Prahaladnatak, Jatra and Danda-natak, all of which
incorporate elements of dance, music and in their larger than life characters,
theatrical movements, dialogues, colorful costumes and sumptuous sets.[29]
Odisha is known
for its handicrafts, particularly its little carved wooden replicas of
Jagannath. Painted masks and wooden
animal toys for children also are popular. Local sculptor’s makes soapstone
copies of temple sculptures for pilgrims and tourists. Textiles include
appliqué work, embroidery, tie-dyed
fabrics, and various types of hand-loomed cloth. The artisans of Cuttack are
skilled in filigree work and make gold and silver jewelry. Local artisans also
produce brassware and items made from
bell metal (an alloy of copper and tin). Odisha is also known for its tie-dyed
saris. Village women often like to ornament their bodies with tattoos.[30]
1.7 Educational
Context
Odisha has several government-run colleges and five
universities. One of these, the Shri Jagannath Sanskrit University at Puri, is devoted to Sanskrit culture.[31]
The ruins of a major ancient university and center of Buddhist learning, Ratnagiri,
was recently discovered in Odisha. Scholars from faraway lands, such as Greece,
Persia and China used to study philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and science
at this famed University. Taxila, Nalanda and Ratnagiri are the oldest
universities in the world. The modern Odisha is home to many colleges and
universities, deemed and otherwise. The major universities in Odisha include
Berhampur University, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Fakir Mohan
University, Kalinga Insitute of Industrial Technology, National Institute of
Technology, North Odisha University, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology,
Sambalpur University, Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya,
Utkal University and Utkal University of Culture. Although the federal government in New Delhi
has so far denied Odisha any educational institution of national importance,
Odisha has witnessed the rise of several prominent academic institutions,
mainly through private participation. The upcoming educational institutes
include Vedanta University are National Institute of Science Education and
Research, Bhubaneswar. The overall literacy rate in the state is 63.61% as per
census of 2001with male literacy at 75.95% and female literacy at 50.97%. [32]
1.8
Religions Context
Odisha religion is a mixture of different castes and
creeds with a high concentration of Hindus. In the census report of 1971,
Hindus comprised 92 percent of the total population. During that time, the Muslims, Buddhists and Christians
formed 1.5, 0.04 and 1.7. There are several other tribes like the Santhals and the Mundas who make up for the rest of the religious ethnicity. They
follow the tribal faith which is popularly known as ‘Sarana.'[33]
Even though the Hindus form the majority of the religious populace, Odisha is a
land of religious harmony and it is not
uncommon to see Hindus and Muslims living side by side in the same local community. There
are several castes in the Hindu community. Brahmins, Khandayats, Karans etc are the upper castes whereas there are
functional castes like black smiths, milkmen, potters, weavers, carpenters, goldsmiths,
confectioners etc. as well a village may be divided into sahi, paraorkandi depending on the religious
concentration.[34]The
religious Diaspora of Odisha is renowned throughout the Indian subcontinent.
The entire state is peppered with innumerable temples and pilgrimage sites. One
of the biggest tourist destinations of Odisha is the temple town of Puri that
hugs the coast of Bay of Bengal. The religious town houses several temples and
shrines, the most famous being the celebrated Jagannath Temple. The spiritually inclined people also celebrate a
host of religious festivals throughout
the year. In fact, the ceremonies of Ratha
Yatra, the Chandan Yatra and the Snana Yatrais famed all across the
globe.[35]
Puri, a coastal town located at the South end of the Mahanadi Delta, has a
famous shrine to Krishna in his form
of Jagannath (Lord of the
universe). As one story goes, a hunter saw Krishna in the forest, thought he
was a deer and killed him. He left the deity's body under a tree, where a pious
person found it, cremated it, and placed the ashes in a box. The god Vishnu
then asked a king to make an image from these sacred relics. The king asked Vishvakarman, an artisan, to do the
work. He said he would if he were allowed to do it without being disturbed. The
king became impatient after fifteen days and disturbed the artisan. The artisan
was so angry that he never finished the work. To this day, the image is only a
stump without arms or legs. The god Brahma
gave the image its eyes and a soul. The temple in Puri keeps this legend
alive by representing Krishna as a block of wood.[36]As
Oriya is mostly Hindu, they worship Shiva,
the Mother Goddess, the Sun God, and many other Hindu deities. The Vaishnava sect particularly reveres Krishna in his form as Jagannath. Many local deities and
spirits also influence Oriya life and activities. Often, they are believed to
cause disease, and must either be appeased or handed over to Shamans healers who deal with them.[37]
1.9 Economical Context
Over 76 percent of the
people are dependent on agriculture. Out of the gross cropped area of 87.4 6
lakh hectares, 18.79 lakh hectares are irrigated. Rice, pulses, oil seeds,
jute, Mesta, sugarcane, coconut and turmeric are important crops. There are
also cash crops like tea, cotton and rubber. The state contributes one-tenth of
the rice production in India. Jute, gram, sesame, ragi, mustard, rape and maize
are second-ranking crops in different districts. District-wise, jute ranks
second in Cuttack and Balasore, gram in Puri and Phulabani and Maize in
Mayurbhanj. The infrastructure for the development of industry in Odisha is
available.[38]A
combination of coal, iron ore, limestone, bauxite and a host of other minerals
on the one hand and port facilities on the other are the unique features in
Orissa. In addition, the bountiful forest resources and agricultural products
provide ample scope for the development of forest-based and agro-based
industries. The major industries of the state include cement, aluminum, ceramic
glass, chemical, fertilizer, heavy water, aeronautical
industry, and agri-based
industries such as cotton textiles, sericulture, sugar mills and rice mills.[39]
Conclusion
The above discussion denotes that the state plays one of
the major roles among the Indian state. After the attainment of Independence
the princely state majored with the major unit in 1948 and the new state of
Odisha was formed. Following Indian independence, the area of Odisha was almost
doubled, and the population increased by a third by the addition of 24 former
princely states. In 1950 Odisha became a constituent state in the union of
India. Odisha is governed through a parliamentary system of representative
democracy, a feature the state shares with other India states. Odisha is known
for its handicrafts, particularly its little carved wooden replicas of Jagannath. As Oriya is mostly Hindu, They worship Shiva, the Mother Goddess, the Sun God,
and many other Hindu deities. The Vaishnava
sect particularly reveres Krishna in
his form as Jagannath.
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[35] “Odisha,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha
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[37] “Odisha,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha (Accessed
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[38] “Economy of Orissa,” www.journeymart.com/de/india/crissa/economy.aspx
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